Change Agents. Oticon Case

The design of the spaghetti company Is an example of a matrix organizational design, which focused the workers orientations to varying, proved projects In which they approve of. This allowed workers to focus more on the production side, which In the end cut project development time In half. 2. While operating within an industry in which products are complex and technically advanced which would require innovated thinking, Diction a disorganized, free- flowing organizational structure.By doing so, they were able to adapt to changes, which were occurring in the market to better figure out solutions to the problems they would experience. This complex system allowed them to operate more efficiently to better serve their customers. Their strategy was viable as it allowed for quicker lines of communication, increased innovation and a more efficient production process, as in the end their profits eventually doubled from their old strategy. 3.The leadership style at Diction was based on a tas k oriented bureaucratic structure, until they introduced the spaghetti style structure, which turned their strategy into a more employee-oriented style. Kaolin was an example of a discretionary management role as he helped shape the organization in order to change of the company to better suit that to the environmental relationship. The strategy ended up being very successful as it was out of the norm in comparison to other competitors and it also had the full support from the employees of Diction.Although mostly successful, the strategy did fail at their other international factories. This was due to the fact that these factories were accustomed to their own unique traditions In which they refused to let go. Diction should have modified their strategy for these factories to allow them to hold onto their traditions, while at the same time still implementing the overall style they had originally vision. Change Agents. Diction Case By judiciary Diction Case 1 .The spaghetti organizati on is the title given to the transition from a mechanical management structure to a more non-organized style, which allowed for a more style of the company by getting rid of all titles and departments in order to get out of ranks to number 3 in the market. The design of the spaghetti company is an example approved projects in which they approve of. This allowed workers to focus more on the production side, which in the end cut project development time in half. 2. While the fact that these factories were accustomed to their own unique traditions in which

Essays by American Minorities Essay

1. The Age of White Guilt by: Shelby Steele In this essay written by African American Shelby Steele, he tells of the hard times of his people. He leads the reader through his experiences in the civil rights movement and compares the life of an African American in the 1960’s and one in the present day. He writes that African Americans today would have to use ever ounce of their intelligence and imagination to find reasons for them not to succeed in today’s society. He goes on to say that African Americans use the harm done for them in the past and try to use it as guilt for the white Americans. It goes on to explain the importance in fighting for a cause in a group and not breaking off as individuals. 2. I’m Black, your white, who’s innocent? By: Shelby Steele In this essay by Shelby Steele, he tells about the inequality of blacks even in today’s society. I think it also shows the tenderness in the subject of racism and inequality even today. He also writes of how he used to use white liability against white Americans and how it gave him much guilt. He also tells how young African Americans still blame racial problems to be the motivation of many things done by African Americans. He says that an African American that points out white shame is showing power and that when whites respond with silence that that is also a gesture of power. He ends with saying that that whites and blacks truly fear the sacrifices that come with total racial harmony. 3. I hated Tonto by: Sherman Alexie In this essay written by Native American Sherman Alexie, he points out the racial stereotypes that accompany the Native Americans that were given to them by America and the rest of the world. He tells of how he used to accept the racial stereotypes of his people when he was a kid but now he understands how embarrassing the stereotypes were. 4. Why don’t we complain by: William Buckley This essay by William Buckley tells of the difficulties of society and how, instead of taking action when we are mistreated, we just stand by and let the violators have their way. It also tells of how people often wait on others to take action instead on doing so themselves. He says this is because we are afraid to make our voices heard and afraid that someone will get their feelings hurt. He also says that when we do complain, we shouldn’t do so in a calm voice like you are scared but in a bold, demanding voice that lets the person know that you mean business. He says that Americans are not comfortable taking actions in difficult situations because we live in an age of technology where we rely on machines and computers to do things for us, but in earlier times, if we needed something we got up and did it. 5. Just Walk on By by: Brent Staples This essay written by Brent Staples tells of the first time the author experienced a negative reaction from someone just because he was black. He tells of how he noticed signs of fear when people saw him and realized that most of Chicago’s rapists and muggers were black and that his appearance could cause fear. He tells of how society tells us that we should be tough and shouldn’t back down and how some young men take this literally and get into trouble. Essays on the Use and Power of English 1. Politics in the English Language by: George Orwell This essay written by George Orwell tells of the inaccurate and misuse of the English language in today’s society. He says that instead of â€Å"foolish thoughts† coming from language, language comes from foolish thoughts. He also says that metaphors and other types of figurative language used today do not lead to concrete ideas. He says that vagueness is the most common characteristic of the English language. 2. How English is Evolving into a Language we might not understand by: Michael Erard This essay by Michael Erard tells of how the English language is being used in many other countries including China but is not being thoroughly explained which leads to misuse of words and different pronunciations. He tells of how China and other Asian countries are making changes to the languages such as pronunciation of vowels and words. He also says that Asians will introduce tone to the English language which means if a word is pronounced with a different tone it means a different word. He tells the reader that there is nothing wrong with the language and it is just as proper as any other English and that it might even be more efficient. 3. Do Our Writers Abuse the English Language? by: Dr. Rossiter Johnson This essay written by Dr. Rossiter Johnson tells of the criticism from our cousins the English against American writers. It tells of how the British criticism is accompanied by their idea of our ignorance. It tells that the British believe that there is no way that American writers can possibly improve when it comes to proper use of the English language. Johnson then points out some British writers that have misused the language such as Grey and Dean Alford. He tells of the words of Sydney Smith, a British critic that said who reads American books? Who goes to an American play? Who looks at an American picture or statue? Who sleeps in American blankets? What do we owe to American surgeons and physicians? He responds to these words by telling of how Americans have surpassed these accomplishments and have proved Smith wrong. 4. Importance of English in India by: Rajesh Mohan. This essay by Rajesh Mohan is about the role of the English language in India and how it is the language that bonds all the other languages together in the Indian sub continent. The reason English bonds these regions together is because everyone understands it and so that makes it a common language to everyone. It also tells of how English is good for countries who are trying to expand and grow and that Indians recommend other countries to learn English. 5. How English Became a Global Language by: Jennifer Claerr This essay by Jennifer Claerr tells how English has become one of the most commonly spoken languages in the world. She says it is mostly because of its effectiveness. She says that the other reason the world is comfortable with English is because it uses a Romanic alphabet which is easier for Easterners to grasp than other alphabets. The English language is used heavily in television, movies, products, ads, and everything else that many non native speakers feel that they should learn it. So in conclusion this is the reason that English has over 1 billion speakers both native and non native.

Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 3

Management - Essay Example In addition, managers may utilize various motivation techniques to ensure that employees’ efforts are directed towards achieving the set targets. Among the techniques employed include: compensations packages, salary increments, job promotion to mention just but a few. However, it is important to note that some employees may not be motivated using money but rather by how managers speaks and encourages them to continue performing exceptionally. In order to do these Managers should also have some special. Those skills include but not limited to; technical skills, communication, problems solving skills just to mention but a few (Adizes, 2004). In addition, managers have a role to play when executing managerial decision. Among the roles played by managers are; decisional role, information and interpersonal role. Decision role entails the responsibility of initiating and implementing change. On the other hand, decision role entails determining what actions are to be undertaken to so lve organisation problems. Information role entails providing seeking information and providing employees and all stake holders with necessary information to ensure that there is a seamless operation within an organisation. Finally, interpersonal role involves linking organisation with the outside world whereby, manager plays the role of representing the organisation outside. This means that he act as a figurehead of the entire organisation. However, the performance and execution of the above roles depend substantially on the styles of management employed. There are two common management styles that are used to manage organisation are further broken down into other smaller styles. The two styles include; autocratic and pessimistic management styles. Autocratic management style is a managerial style where all decisions are made by a single managers and no other party is allowed to participate in the decision making process. On the contrary, Pessimistic style involves a management sty le where lower levels employees are given an opportunity by the managers to participate in the decision making process .This style involves a participatory style of leadership (Adizes, 2004).. Therefore, this study aims to compare managerial style employed by Gordon Ramsay and Jamie Oliver COMPARE THE MANAGEMENT STYLE OF GORDON RAMSAY AND JAMIE OLIVER Gordon Ramsay management style Gordon Ramsey has been reported to be one of the most successful managers in the hotel management industry due to his unique capabilities and tough approaches in dealing with employees. He was born on November 1966 in Scotland as a second born in a family of four children’s. He was educated at North Oxfordshire Technical College where he took a career in Hotel management. However, prior joining culinary art, Gordon Ramsey used to be a footballer though his life in football was quite difficult due to numerous injuries he succumbed in. Despite numerous challenges as a footballer and as professional C hef, Gordon Ramsay completed his education successfully and was offered a job at Wroxton House Hotel where he worked as a chef before returning back to London. In the year 1993 he got a job in London as a head Chef at La Tante Claire, he continued to perform exceptionally in this restaurant and managed to win numerous awards. Thereafter, he developed difference with the restaurant owner and moved out to open his first restaurant named after him. In 1998 his first was named as the best restaurant in the

European Union Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

European Union Law - Essay Example However, the Act excluded liability for loss of wages and required the victim to establish the liability of the manufacturer. The Directive and the Act were to replace the existing national laws of negligence in relation to the Product. In May 2004, Byrd has prescribed a Product, manufactured by Omnia Pharma PLC (â€Å"Omnia†) a company registered in England, for relieving stress. After using for two weeks, Byrd developed suppurating psoriasis as a side effect of this product. This led to frequent absence from work and the resultant dismissal from service. Byrd unsuccessfully attempted suicide due to these developments. The Product continues to be covered by UK patients with the result that Omnia has a monopoly on sales of the Product in the UK. The doctrine of direct effect, which is applicable to individuals as well as institutions, permits individuals to file a case in national courts if an EU Directive is incorrectly implemented by that Member State. Rights under direct effect have to be honored without any reference to domestic law. As such the doctrine of direct effect is an intrinsic part of the notion of the supremacy of European Law and no discretion is permitted to the Member States or Community institutions. Regulations always have a direct effect but Directives obtain direct effect only on the basis of the merits of each case (direct effect, 2006). The Community law provisions require the Member States to compensate any loss caused to individuals due to the non – implementation of a Directive. In the case of Francovich and Others v Italy, the ECJ made it clear that in order to make a Member State liable for the damages caused to an individual as a result of none – implementation of a Directive, three conditions must be fulfilled.  

Residential Law Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Residential Law - Case Study Example The Council had instructed its employee, Sam, to carry out this work. (Although not specifically mentioned in the judgment, it was assumed that Hazel Khan was expected to pay for this report in the charges made to him by the Southwark Council.) The report to be prepared by Sam should diligently disclose the presence of any settlement cracks between the flat and later extension, which might reduce the value of the flat. Any devaluation in price of flat can be claimed by Hazel Khan. Sam has to declare the current solvability status of the Southwark Council. The Council's professional indemnity insurance has to be valid at all times for any future insurance claim. The Mortgage report to be supplied to Hazel Khan must be in a form which should include all references to Southwalk Council, although Hazel knew that the report had been prepared by a hired and independent valuer. Hazel Khan has the option to rely on this report or may arrange for another independent survey of the property if he chooses to do so. Hazel Khan has the right to criticize any breached a duty of care which the Council owed him in his personal capacity. Sam should accept that Hazel would place reliance upon his report. In order to hold Hazel personally liable in anyway, Hazel had to show that he had assumed responsibility towards the report in his personal capacity. Sam has to bear allegiance that his duty was not to Hazel, but to the Council which employed him and it was on the Council alone that Hazel had relied. It was the Council that had assumed responsibility to Hazel, not he. The report should be cited similar with the case of Yianni v. Edwin Evans & Sons [1982] QB 438, where a firm of valuers and surveyors, engaged by a building society to value a property for mortgage purposes, had been held liable to the purchasers in negligence, despite the purchasers ignoring a recommendation in the mortgage application form that they arrange an independent survey. Another case to cite is in the combined cases of Smith v. Bush and Harris v. Wyre Forest District Council [1990] 1 AC 831. The only real distinction between the present case [Harris] and the case of Yianni is that the valuation was carried out by an in-house valuer. This valuer is discharging the duties of a professional man whether he is employed by the mortgagee or acting on his own account or is employed by a firm of independent surveyors. The essence of the case against him is that he as a professional man realised that the purchaser was relying on him to exercise proper skill and judgment in his profe ssion and that it was reasonable and fair that the purchaser should do so. Sam has to owe a consistent duty of care and Hazel to rely on professional valuer just as in Yianni and Harris where the plaintiffs never even saw the valuation report. But they are to be taken to have relied on the professional skill and care of the individual person who carried it out. It is made clear that a professionally qualified person giving advice may owe a duty of care to an effective recipient of that advice in addition to the duty owed to their employers. This has to be confined strictly to those who may be termed professionally qualified people as in the case of Sam and Hazel, because it would depend on the full circumstances in which advice was given, rather than to any label appropriate to the adviser. In any

Madonnas Of Echo Park Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Madonnas Of Echo Park - Essay Example There is one specific scene in the novel about how couple of girls and their mothers went to a place called El Guanaco, a Mercado in Echo Park. This scene is related to the title of the book â€Å"Madonnas of Echo Park† because El Guanaco Madonna’s preference site where she shot her video. From this scene, we can point out many arguments on identity Americanization and pop culture. The novel can also assume the title Amexicans since it illustrates the Mexican immigrants. However, â€Å"The Madonnas Of Echo Park† would be a better title because it shows the creativity and theme of the novel. The title Amexicans only gives the reader the idea of Mexican immigrants, but Madonnas Of Echo Park gives the reader the idea of losing identity and becoming part of American and how pop culture plays a big role. Americanization has made miscommunication between the main character Aurora and her mother Felicia. Since Aurora has become completely Americanized, her mother Felicia is forced to use English as a form of communication something that she is not used to. â€Å" Sientate delante de tu madre, por favor,’ right next to Alma, so she would be the same height as the rest of the girls... ‘I don’t want to, ‘ she said in English† (Skyhorse 48). This quote illustrates the story’s theme of Americanization. Aurora has become completely American, hence her English response. This does not mean that she cannot speak her native language Spanish but it is because of the American influence. Aurora has lost her identity and became American to achieve the American dream. Even though, the title â€Å"Amexicans† describes the races and the transition of Mexicans becoming Americanized to achieve American dream. The idea of this title would be how Mexicans liv e in their lives in the United States. Yet it does not give the readers the main theme of the novel, which is not the races, but the Americanization. Every character in the novel is

Growth and Development of Vegetarian Raised Children Essay

Growth and Development of Vegetarian Raised Children - Essay Example The study shows that there are controversial results, as to the benefits of vegetarian raised children. For example, in the so-called Farm Study (a vegetarian commune in Tennessee) O’Connell and cool. found that the body height of children up to 10 years of age, raised in a vegetarian commune, was consistently below the US reference values. Because of the scarcity of data on physical growth, pubertal development and physical fitness of vegetarian children, adolescents and young adults, we designed a study to assess the average daily dietary intakes of food energy in a total of 82 children (Group A: 6-10 year-old girls and 6-12 year-old boys), adolescents (Group B: 10-16 year-old girls and 12-18 year-old boys), and young adults (Group C: 16-30 year-old-girls and 18-30 year-old boys).† In contrast, in two studies in children of Seventh-Day Adventists (SDA) communities, who largely follow a vegetarian lifestyle, no significant differences in height were found, with the exception of SDA school boys who were significantly taller. After controlling for height differences, boys and girls in the SDA School were found to be leaner than their public school peers (Marcel, 1997). These studies show little significant benefits of vegetarian meals over nonvegetarian meals. However, when it comes to their learning responses in class, the SDA children were seen to perform better than the children from non-SDA homes. This was after considering more than 100 children both from SDA and not SDA families.

Letter To The Editor Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Letter To The Editor - Essay Example The analysis includes the intergenerational equity, the uncertainty of the imminent happenings, and the irreversible nature of the changes in the environment and the adoption of sustainable development. The components depict an important study that is beneficial to humans and their coexistence with the environment that is available in the earth.Societal steps to move from an empty world to a full world The whole global system requires that society equates the production rates with the depreciation rates. The instances call for a demographic transition that is for both humans and people. The other important step is the emphasis on the qualitative sector of the economy. The case implies to the society having more use of the technology and the service industry. The case will reduce the pressure on the environment. The investments, on the other hand, should also be with a focus on quality improvement or replacement of the same. The taxes that are prevalent in the society also need to cha nge. The taxing should be on value addition rather than the taxing worker and business incomes.The instance of labor-intensive employment should replace new production jobs. Individuals should transform into business owners. The situation will ensure they earn their income from a share of the company rather than working on a full-time basis.The role of eco-economics is a necessity. The political nature of the subject makes the ruling system to favor a system that gives room for the natural laws to be in effect.

LLB UNIT 10 SUCCESSION Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

LLB UNIT 10 SUCCESSION - Essay Example Henry and Len call in to see you and ask the following questions:- Having died without leaving a will or without having made a valid will, Mrs Mould will be considered to have died intestate and therefore the rules of intestacy governed by the Administration of Estates Act 1925 (as amended) and the Intestates Act, 1952 (and various other amendments contained in the Family Provision Act, 1966, The Family Law Reform Act, 1969 and The Family Provision (Intestate Succession) Order, 1972) apply to her estate, which is worth approximately 238,000. By not leaving a will any wishes Mrs Mould had for the allocation of her estate to friends, relatives and other beneficiaries will be ignored. How the estate will be allocated depends on the value of the estate and the deceased's family circumstances. The law in this area is concerned with bloodlines, rather than merit, or the verbally expressed will of the intestate. Not only does it recognise human improvidence, but also that calamities and unfairness occurs within human affairs. It sets out to ensure that there is no discrimination on personal whim. It is not concerned with blame. Due to the increasing complexity of family trees, this area can become ripe for litigation. However, Mrs Mould could be described as being from a 'once-normal nuclear family' where the bloodlines are easily ascertained. If there is both a spouse and children then all personal poss... 2. Surviving children (referred to as 'issue'). 3. Surviving parents. 4. Surviving brothers and sisters of whole blood ie having the same biological parents. 5. Surviving relations of a lesser degree. In the event that the surviving spouse is the only living relative of the deceased (ie no parents or siblings of whole blood), then the estate passes absolutely to that spouse. If there is both a spouse and children then all personal possessions (except business property) and the first 125,000 goes to the remaining spouse free of death duty (inheritance tax) and costs absolutely, with (if possible) interest. The remaining spouse is also entitled to a life interest in half of the residue which is to be invested in a trust from which the spouse will receive income during his/her lifetime. The remaining property then goes to the children via 'statutory trusts'. The definition of 'Statutory trusts' can be found in s.47 Administration of Estates Act 1925. The deceased's property will be held in equal shares for all 'living' (including unborn) children of the estate. On the death of the remaining spouse the children automatically inherit the remaining capital once they reach their majority, ie under current UK law, the child either attains the age of eighteen and/or marries before that age. If there are children but no spouse the estate is shared equally among the children via a statutory trust. Importantly, the child or children of any deceased child (ie grandchildren) will get the share of their deceased parent and if more than one, in equal shares. Where the only remaining relatives are the spouse and whole blood relatives as described above, then the spouse inherits all personal chattels, the first 200,000 plus a life-interest in half of the

Strategic intent as an agent of change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Strategic intent as an agent of change - Essay Example The concept of strategic intent also focuses on achieving the goal of the organization by the members who belong to it. Thus, it follows then that strategic intent focuses on exactly how to achieve the goal put forward by the company (Bartlett & Ghoshal, 1994). In order for this to happen, there is a need for all the members of a particular group or company to collaborate together, or work separately in order to achieve the objectives or goals set aside by the organization. In order for this to happen, there is a need for the members to act in such a way that their actions or tasks complement each other. Should this not be the case, instances of confusion may arise. Therefore, it is necessary that every member should be able to understand his or her own approach to any task assigned, and how this approach would be able to mesh with the approaches of the other members of the organization or group.

Echoes of Heaven Essay Example for Free

Echoes of Heaven Essay The world today seems to be going further and further from Christian Values. Denominations are arising against each other time after time. We no longer hear the proper preaching of the gospel because preachers prepare their sessions to suit the audience and therefore a lot of truth is left uncovered. A Christian who performs and leads a true Christian life seems very outdated. There are rumors of wars everywhere in the world today. People seem to rely on technology much more than on God. I am a born again Christian, I have been a Christian since I was born but there is a huge difference in my life after I accepted Jesus Christ. I have received tangible breakthroughs and therefore when I say so much truth is left uncovered in today’s churches I do it with reference to my personal experience. Sometimes suffering comes our way because God wants to show us our weakness without Him. We must rely on Him and not on our own understanding. I have observed Muslim practices closely and they are more devoted to their religion and believes than Christians! Charles I agree that God’s Love is better than Life Itself and would very much want to know where to get the book.

Pharmacy Essay Example for Free

Pharmacy Essay This is funny to admit at this stage of my pre-registration year, but I do not fully understand the role of a pharmacist. Those of you who read my blogs may be thinking – â€Å"why? † Surely after four years at university and four months of pre-registration training I should understand the role of the pharmacist. But the truth is I don’t, and here’s why. Throughout my pharmacy degree I gathered experience in four sectors that pharmacists can work in which included; academia, hospital, community and the industrial sector. My first experience was in academia and I could understand the role of a pharmacist here. Being a registered pharmacist in this sector is not necessary. This is because an academic career does not necessarily involve the practise of pharmacy. However specific areas e. g. pharmacy law and ethics and pharmaceutics, may require registration and a more clinical focus. In general, teaching is a part of the pharmacy code of ethics under section 7 ‘Take Responsibility For Your Working Practices’ with 7. 3 stating ‘Contribute to the development, education and training of colleagues and students, and share your knowledge, skills and expertise’. The academic sector for a pharmacist’s career therefore makes sense and the day-to-day role can be described as that similar to any other academic. The next area in which I worked was community. Primarily the pharmacist’s role here is to ensure the essential services stated by the PSNC are being delivered. From my understanding, this is what defines the pharmacist’s role in community. The location of community pharmacies will dictate what additionally services are available and the pharmacists may or may not have to adapt to these roles e. g. flu vaccination, smoking cessation. The role of a community pharmacist can be very clear cut. In my opinion, the role could be expanded to increase collaboration with General Practitioners and Commissioning Groups and I feel there are areas where community pharmacists can have more of an impact. As a pre-registration student, I look at the future of community pharmacy with great interest regarding the potential roles of pharmacists. During my third year I obtained some hospital experience. The main motivation in my application for the hospital pre-registration was to discover the role of a clinical pharmacist. I remember how surprised I was when I compared the clinical check of community pharmacist to that of a hospital pharmacist a subject a fellow blogger has been discussing. In hospital the role of the pharmacist varies greatly and it is here where I get lost. There are clinical pharmacists who spend their time at a ward based level working within multi-disciplinary team. There are medicines information pharmacists who spend time researching and finding answers to medicine related queries. There are pharmacists who work in the production unit managing and ensuring products are of satisfactory quality. There are pharmacists who work in clinical trials, mental health, risk management, teaching, information technology, service managers†¦ The list seems endless. It is here where I struggle to define the role of a hospital pharmacist because with the variety of the jobs comes different skill sets and therefore a hospital pharmacist becomes indefinable. Clinically (which is the area I’m interested in), hospital pharmacy has expanded greatly developing roles for prescribers and consultant pharmacists. But these roles are few and far between depending on funding, need, and all sort of other complications/variables. With the observations and knowledge I have so far, I feel the role of hospital pharmacist has no set definition and there can be future innovative roles for pharmacists in this sector. A conference and placement in industry was my final experience before my pre-registration year. Shadowing pharmacists within industry was interesting however there is no set definition of an industrial pharmacist. This is because apart from being a Qualified Person, being a pharmacist in industry has, in my opinion, no benefits to that of any other scientists. Pharmacy does however cover the whole of a medicines journey (from medicinal chemistry right up to issues surrounding patient compliance) and pharmacists in industry will have that awareness that could be used to their advantage. To conclude, I have discussed my opinions and thoughts regarding the role of a pharmacist in various sectors. I have not mentioned the role of a pharmacist in the primary care setting or within media or politics. However, hopefully I have demonstrated that, in my opinion, the role of the pharmacist cannot be defined because it varies massively.

Historical Cost and Fair Value

Historical Cost and Fair Value 1.0 INTRODUCTION There have been many discussions and debates concerning use of fair value accounting against use of historical cost accounting. Some prefer fair value whilst some have a preference for historical cost accounting. Both methods of valuation have been criticized and as well embraced. It is evident that a quality description and quantitative information about the nature of the financial asset is essentially important and the amount that is appraised from the chosen method of valuation is included in the financial statements. The question however remains as to which measurement method must one use to cope with todays complex financial instruments and risk management strategies. We must acknowledge that we are in an era where we use many complicated financial instruments and risk management strategies which render that yesterdays prices may have become obsolete and many people now demand historical cost be either abandoned, reviewed, modified or replaced by current cost system to reflect a more accurate financial reporting (Muller, K. A., 2008). The issue of assets and liabilities valuation has become more pressing now than it was ever before. The FASBÂ  [1]Â  is slowly modernizing the GAAPÂ  [2]Â  principles and in doing so, it is attempting to make financial statements more meaningful and bring books in line with the international standards. Historical cost and fair value methods of valuation have both been around for a long time. The choice of whether to switch to fair value method is interestingly an important decision where all perspectives have to be equally evaluated in considering the transition from an existing to a new method of financial asset valuation. History has proven that the historical cost principle has worked absolutely fine all this while. This now poses us a question as to why the consideration and speculation to switch to a new method of financial asset valuation. What theories and what basis should drive the motivation to choose a varying method of financial asset valuation and what could be ideally considered being the opportune time for the switch in choice of model. With the ever increasing concerns between both the public and private sectors pertaining to the adequacy of financial statement reporting by respective financial institutions, a considerable attention has been received by the FASB, SECÂ  [3]Â  and other regulating bodies. The adaption of the IFRSÂ  [4]Â  in the European Union with effect from 1st of January 2005 birthed a number of significant changes in how firms must report their financial positions (Muller et al 2008). Measurement of financial assets is the core issue of relevance in financial accounting and reporting today. In order to decide which method of valuation one must choose, it is imperative that there must be a sound understanding of the fair value and historical cost method of valuation for financial assets. This seminar attempts to carry out an in depth research on the fair value and historical cost method of valuation, understand the underlying assumptions of each, identify the strengths and weaknesses of both. Various companies has been researched and contacted in order to obtain feedback on their chosen method of financial asset and liabilities valuation. Responses received are summarized in analysis and findings section of this paper and has been deliberated upon in understanding how companies and organizations in Fiji are valuing their assets and liabilities for reporting in their financial statements. Also encompassed are various literature and resource materials that we have studied. These have been reviewed and key essence and aspects of topic under study has been entailed in section entitled Literature Review. 1.1 THEORETICAL UNDERPINNINGS Accounting is highly purposive field and any assumption, principle or procedure is accordingly justified if it adequately serves the end in view (Paton, 1922). There are many accounting conventions under the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) which is now known as IFRS. Historical Cost Convention is the conventional valuation concept whose resources are valued in accordance with the cost of acquisition by the enterprise (Glautier and Underdown, 1982). Assets are recorded at their original cost at the time of purchase. This convention is highly preferred for the historical cost method over fair value. The Conservatism Convention assumes that accountants are pessimistic in measuring revenues and expenses. Revenues are not recorded until they were virtually certain but expenses were recorded as soon as they become remote. If accountants had to choose for measurements of cost for assets and liabilities they would have chosen the lowest for assets and highest for liabilities mostly adopt historical cost method. The historical cost of method is well preferred over the fair value method as the Accounting as a Historical record is concerned at providing a faithful record of transaction of an entity rather to provide a valuation of the firm at a given period of time (Godfrey et. al, 2006 pg 18). While historical cost method may give some indication to shareholders of the stewardship of management in the management of costs and money capital under the control, the records give no indication of the real worth of the enterprise as a going concern except to the extent that operating profit is a predictive devise (Budge and Hendriksen, 1974). Objective of stewardship is based on agency theory. Managers choice of accounting method usually comes as agency theory. Agency theory provides a necessary explanation of why a selection of particular accounting method might matter, and hence was an important facet for the development of Positive accounting theory. It is assumed that under agency theory principals will assume that the agents (principal) will be driven by self interest and therefore the principals will anticipate that the managers, unless restricted from doing otherwise, will undertake self serving activities that could be detrimental to the economic welfare of the principals (Deegan 2002). Since the behavior of this principal cannot be predicted as their salaries are tied to accounting figures and monitoring the principal behavior is difficult. The preparers of financial reports will choose measurement basis for higher profit for the remuneration purposes. It could be better if the particular method such as historical cost is stated in the contract of the principal for reporting purpose. Watts and Zimmerman identified three key hypotheses that have become frequent in the Positive Accounting Theory literature to explain and predict whether an organization would support or oppose a particular accounting method. A higher profit is precise under the management hypothesis or bonus plan hypothesis. The preparers of the reports will use such accounting methods that increase current reported income. Such method increases the present value of bonuses if the compensation committees do not adjust for the methods chosen. This hypothesis predicts that if managers are rewarded in terms of performance with accounting figures than mangers will chose methods to increase accounting profit with an attempt to increase bonus. A higher profit is also preferred by Debt Equity hypothesis which predicts that the higher the firms debt equity ratio the more likely the managers use accounting methods that increases income. The higher the debt to equity ratio, the closer the firms to the constraints in debt covenant. The tighter the covenant constraint, the greater the possibility of a covenant violation and of incurring of costs from technical defaults. Mangers choosing income increasing accounting method relaxes debt constraints and reduces the technical defaults (Deegan 2002). The Political Hypothesis predicts the larger firms rather than small firms are likely to choose accounting methods that reduces reported profit. Reducing reported profit could decrease the possibility that people will argue that the organization is exploiting other parties by applying business practices that generate excessive profit for the benefits of owners while at the same time providing limited returns to others parties involved in the transaction. Chambers Theory of Continuously Contemporary Accounting made judgment about what people need in terms of information. Chamber makes an assumption about the objective of accounting is to guide future actions. He prescribed that all assets should be measured at net market value and that such information is more useful for informed decision making than information based on historical cost which could be misleading. A number of prescriptive theories were developed which adopted Decision Usefulness approach to Accounting Theory. Chambers Blueprint paper published in 1955 is arguably among the first to emphasis decision usefulness .He wrote: It is therefore corollary of the assumption of rational management that there shall be an information providing system, such as basis for decision and as a basis for reviewing the consequences of decision. It is suggested that accounting information should be relevant, verifiable, free from bias and quantifiable. The choice of Accounting Methods depends on factors such as reliability, relevance, timeliness and comparability. Finally, there are several other theories to accounting which could explain the choice for the kind of measurement base or method. Cost Attach theory, Investor theory, True income theory, Behavioral Accounting theory, Measurement theory, Accounting as Magic and communication theory and others. Measurement is a hub of Accounting which has a lot of accounting theory underlying measurement basis. The minimum requirement for giving theoretical justification to an allocation method are that it should be possible to specify unambiguously and in advance, the method to be used and to defend that choice against all competing alternatives. 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW There has been much discussion about fair value accounting. Disclosing assets at their fair value as opposed to their historical cost is preferred by some but opposed by others. The use of fair value accounting has been around for decades primarily for financial assets. In recent years, both the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) and the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) have moved towards more extensive use of fair value accounting. According to Godfrey et al (2006) the use of historical cost for valuation of non-monetary assets has come from several sources, these include the 1940 book by Paton and Littleton, An Introduction to Corporate Accounting Standards. The book provides many of the theoretical arguments for the accounting. Historical cost is generally defined as the amount at which the asset or liability was originally obtained. Where the historical cost is expected to be different from the final value when the item is no longer on the balance sheet, some amortization or depreciation of the value is expected. This can result in an amortised cost or depreciated cost value. These values are generally more reliably determinable, but less relevant than fair value. Casonbona et al (2007) define fair value as the amount for which an asset could be exchanged or a liability settled between knowledgeable, willing parties in an arms length transaction. This assumes that it represents market value in a sufficiently robust and efficient market. Where no market exists, the fair value would need to be conceptually estimated. In making comparisons between the two, Toppe Shortridge et al (2006) refer to an argument of relevance over reliability. They argue that the proponent of fair value accounting believe that historical cost financial statements are not relevant because they do not provide information about current values. Theorists and practitioners against fair value argue that the information provided by fair value financial statements is unreliable because it is not based on arms length transactions. They contend that if information is unreliable it should not be used to make financial decisions. However they also argue that the proponents of fair value accounting would claim that it is more relevant to decision makers even if it is less reliable. These arguments include that fair value accounting would produce balance sheets that are more representative of the companys value. Specifically, unless the values of fixed assets are assumed to remain the same over time, historical cost information is rel evant only up on obtaining the asset. A number of studies have been conducted to argue that one method is more appropriate than another. Ebling (2001) argues that accounting rules around the world are moving steadily towards fair value accounting and away from historical cost accounting. In his study he argues that the banking systems figures would become more volatile. The banks would see their business managed against long term objectives and not short term measures and it is historical costs that better reflect the economic substance of the transactions, the actual cash flow and the earnings process. Chisnall (2001) also supports this view and argues that the banking industry as an example would be best to use modified historical cost as a better basis on which to measure banking book performance in primary financial statements. The issue of volatility has surfaced in recent times with the example of the collapse of Enron as an example. Barr (2009) reflects that fair value can be an accurate way to value assets but it needs time to be fully perfected. With Enron fair value accounting was used to mislead investors, regulators and the general public. Kemp (2008) argues that fair value accounting works best where the legal framework of society accepts the subjectivity of the market and thus divergent values as in Europe, as opposed the USA with its very open legal system. The disadvantages of fair value are also highlighted. It is argued that valuation is a subjective judgment and therefore as an example if two evaluators were to conduct the valuation process they may arrive at different estimates of the fair value although both would have followed the objectives of fair value measurement. There are many issues involved with fair value accounting. Some argue that fair value is beneficial to investors when they are trying to evaluate risk, return and valuation of a business. Dvorakova (2007) in her study of historical costs versus fair value measurement in financial accounting uses the example of non-financial assets. In her study she notes that IAS 41- Agriculture sets a precedent in application of the fair value measurement to biological assets and agricultural production. The study states that the fair value measurement has been required by IAS 41 because historical cost measurement is not able to cover the value of biological assets of enterprises in the market environment. Muller et al (2008) examine the cause of and consequences of investment property companies choice to use the historical cost or fair value standard to account for their primary asset, real estate. The examination exploits the European Unions adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards which require companies to make this choice under IAS 40 Investment Property. The study showed that companies are more likely to use the fair value standard when a company shows a greater commitment to reporting transparency. It showed that some companies however were also opportunistic in using fair value to report larger gains than companies using the historical cost standard. Christensen and Nikolaev (2009) studied whether and why companies prefer fair value to historical cost when they can choose between the two valuation methods. Their study show that with the exception of investment property owned by real estate companies, historical cost by far dominates fair value in practice. They state that fair value accounting is not used for plant, equipment and tangible assets. They found that companies using fair value accounting rely more on debt financing than companies that use historical cost. This evidence is consistent with companies using fair value to show asset liquidation values to their creditors and is not consistent with equity investors demanding fair value accounting for non-financial assets. This study was based on a sample of 1,539 companies. It identified each companys valuation practice by reading the accounting policy section in its annual report. No companies in the sample used fair value accounting for intangible assets. Only 3% used it for assets such as plant and equipment. With very few exceptions fair value is used exclusively for property. The study also looked the balance sheets of the companies and found that that the total assets and shareholders equity were, respectively, 31% and 88% higher on average for the companies using fair value as opposed to a matched sample of companies that only use historical cost accounting. The study also proves that a mixed approach is taken to the use of fair value under IAS 16 Property, Plant and Equipment. The study further states that companies that follow historical cost accounting must periodically test their asset for impairment. An asset is considered impaired when its carrying amount is higher than its fair value less the costs to sell and the present value of future cash flows it is expected to generate. With historical cost accounting companies will in practice value assets close to fair value if depreciated historical costs exceed fair value. In contrast under fair value accounting companies revalue assets either upwards or downwards depending on the change in the fair value estimate. Beier (2008) talks about measurement issues with existing mixed standard models. He states that mismatches may occur because some assets and liabilities are reported at historical costs and some are marked to fair value. Examples he gives include; Financial institutions report many assets at fair value and the debt used to finance those assets is reported at historical cost; Debt nominated in a foreign currency is translated at spot rate while assets financed with that debt is translated at historical rate; Derivative used to finance inventory are reported at fair value while such inventory is reported at historical cost. Grover (2008) in his look at the debate of fair value versus historical costs states that while there needs to be consistency in accounting it may be necessary to measure certain balance sheet items at fair value and other at historical cost. It can be argued from the literature and studies conducted that fair value and historical costs both have their place in accounting. There are many different and unique kinds of businesses so one universal standard for valuing assets may be suitable for some but not for others. Fair value is beneficial due to its ability to provide an up to date value of business assets, but fair value may also inaccurately inflate the value of a company due to mistakes or misrepresentations and in doing so can falsely increase the confidence of investors and therefore increase its capital. Historical costs are beneficial as it is widely understood by investors and companies. Historical costing does not rely on estimating the value of assets and thus allows less room for fraudulent activities to occur. However the use of this standard can underestimate the value of a company since an increase in the value of an asset is not recorded until the asset is sold or traded. Although this may cause investors to wary of a company who has a deflated value it does provide more stability in the market. If both accounting standards are used it can improve meaningful information for decision making. The use of fair value allows for an up to date value of assets and produces relevant costs. As an example if a company owned a building the fair value of that building will be the opportunity cost of that building in terms of it being sold or rented or used for something other the companies intended use. As historical value is more widely used and understood it can be used as an external use of reporting value of assets. Historical costs can be used as the base in reporting value and fair value used as an estimate or projected value of assets to investors. 3.0 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES AIM To discuss the rationale of historical cost and fair value methods of measurement and determine whether it is appropriate to use both methods when compiling a set of financial statements. OBJECTIVES The scope of our research aims to address the following issues; Discuss the rationale of historical cost method. Benefits and constraints of historical cost method. Discuss the rationale of fair value method. Benefits and constraints of fair value method. Whether it is appropriate to use both methods when compiling a set of financial statements. Benefits and constraints of using both methods. 4.0 RESEARCH METHODS In compiling this research project, we used the following techniques to obtain data which are as follows: Questionnaire Distribution We compiled questions and distributed to 30 reporting entities in Suva and Nasinu area. These were given specifically to financial statement preparers namely financial controllers and accountants. Review of literature We reviewed the research papers and journals carried out by several researchers on fair value and historical cost. Online Research Accessing the internet played a vital role in obtaining current and up-to-date Information regarding historical cost and fair value. 5.0 ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS Question 1: 1. What method of measurement does your company currently use? Upon analyzing the outcomes of the 25 received responses from the reporting entities, 1 uses fair value method, 17 companies adopt to using historical cost as measurement basis while 7 stated that they use both methods that is fair value and historical costs. The table below shows the methods used by the companies in compiling the financial statements. Key: HC Historical cost FV Fair value Both Historical cost and fair value What are the benefits (advantages) of historical cost did you consider prior to implementing this measurement basis? The responses received in regards to the advantages of historical cost method have been quite similar and we have analysed the advantages in the following categories showing the number of respondents. What are the constraints (disadvantages) of historical cost measurement basis that your company may have faced? The responses received in regards to the disadvantages of historical cost method have been quite similar and we have analysed the disadvantages in the following categories showing the number of respondents. The respondents of 68% (17 out of 25) agreed that the benefits of using historical cost (Question 2) as its measurement basis outweighs the constraints identified in Question 3 while 32% (8 out of 25) thought otherwise. The major reasoning being that historical cost is fairly easy to use and understand and also in Fiji, there is constraints for lack of active markets for some classes of assets, thus for valuation purposes, adopting to fair value becomes an expensive for task for entities. What are the benefits (advantages) of fair value did you consider prior to implementing this measurement basis? The responses received in regards to the advantages of fair value method have been quite similar for most companies and we have analysed these advantages in the following categories showing the number of respondents. What are the constraints (disadvantages) of fair value measurement basis that your company may have faced? The responses received in regards to the disadvantages of Fair value method have been quite similar and we have analysed these disadvantages in the following categories showing the number of respondents. Do you consider that the benefits outweigh the constraints in using fair value as the measurement basis? Considering that only 32 %- 8 (1 FV and 7 both) out of the 25 companies use fair value, they responded that the benefit of the fair value identified in Question 5 does outweigh the constraints in Question 6 while the 68% (17) thought otherwise. We consider that the major factor behind this is due to lack of active markets for some assets whereby this becomes a cost constraint for entities and the complex nature of the methods used in fair value. Do you consider that it is appropriate to use both methods when compiling a set of financial statements? If so, please outline the benefits and limitations of using both methods i.e. historical cost and fair value? Of the 25 respondents, 19 (76%) of them view that it is appropriate to use both methods i.e. historical cost and fair value when compiling a set of financial statements while 6 (24%) of them view otherwise. The major reasoning being that this would be more reliable and relevant for decision making process such as for assets like Property Plant Equipment, entities consider using historical cost basis of measurement since it is easy and efficient to use while for investments; they consider fair value since current and market valuation is needed. Furthermore, the entities (respondents) also outlined benefits and constraints of using both methods i.e. historical cost and fair value which is analysed as follows: 6.0 LIMITATIONS In carrying out our research we encountered some problems that we think have inherent this research and is outlined as: Difficulties were faced by the group in seeking responses to the questionnaires on the subject matter as some companies were reluctant to provide information due to the busy schedules of their employees and key players from whom information was required and also private companies have strict confidentiality policies which restricted us in obtaining responses. There is a possibility that questionnaires were likely to be filled out by accountants and account officers who do not have knowledge to that extend about their companys policies regarding measurement hence there is a chance for incorrect data. Several companies refused to participate as they required going through the protocol of seeking permission from human resource department which was time consuming. Out of 30 questionnaires given, only 25 responses were received. If all had responded, we would have been able to gather more information which would have enhanced our analysis and findings. Likelihood of sampling error as disadvantaged by geographical area. Due to time constraints we distributed the questionnaires only in Suva and Nasinu areas; hence the study of other reporting entities from other regions could not be taken. If the questionnaires had been distributed to other region, then this paper would have been more creditable and informative. Excessive information based on overseas markets. This is a limitation as findings to Fijis context could not really be made. Based on our readings, overseas markets have efficient markets whereas in the South Pacific it is limited to only one. Our group made an effort to interview some companies however it was futile since they were unable to find a mutually convenient time. 7.0 RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSION 7.1 Recommendations Based on the research and in support of our conclusion, we recommend that: That the professional accounting bodies should continue to address the issue of measurement to provide with a solution. Accounting professional bodies such as AASB, FASB and IASB should be specific in their conceptual framework which measurement method should be used for different assets and be consistent across all borders. Accounting professional bodies such as AASB, FASB and IASB should provide conceptual framework for measurement such as on scale of businesses that is small size business, medium size and large business. Further studies to be carried out on the mixed method model appropriateness, incorporating the views of other stakeholders such as users given our narrow scope of research as well as need to consult a more representative sample of all stakeholders given our small sample size. 7.2 CONCLUSION Paragraph 100 of the IASB Framework states that: A number of different measurement bases are employed to different degrees and in varying combinations in financial statements. However, there is a lack of guidance in the framework in providing criteria for selecting measurement basis for particular elements of financial statements. Although accounting practices have changed considerably, still an overwhelming large majority of transactions is recorded and reported based on historical cost as it was centuries ago (Ijiri, 1975). Our conclusion is that it is appropriate to use both historical cost and fair value when compiling a set of financial statements. This conclusion is based through prudent evaluation of previous researches and the findings from the responses to our research questionnaire and thus it is conclusive that there is no ideal method for asset measurement. There is satisfactory research to support that fair value provides and enhances the relevance of financial information especially to assets with existing markets. However, this study identifies that in Fiji historical cost is the most preferred method for most firms and this may be of the fact that Fiji has many small to medium scale of businesses. Although fair value is included in the conceptual framework of accounting, there is insufficient empirical evidence and literature that views it to be the best method. Historical cost method reduces a number of problems, including information manipulation by managers, which further affects its reliability in decision making. Furthermore, development of rigid accounting standards is imperative to increase reliability of fair value. Paragraph 101 of the IASB Framework states that in preparing financial statements historical cost is usually combined with other measurement bases. Given that the framework does not explicitly refute and dispute such approach, using both fair value and historical cost simultaneously is not exactly deemed to be unprincipled. By using fair value, information becomes more relevant to decision-making process as it reflects up-to-date information. Even though fair value may be relevant, its reliability is questionable due to its subjective nature of determination. Lastly, by using both methods we are able to enjoy the benefits inherent in fair value as well as historical cost. One can argue that by combining the two, the reports become open to disadvantages inherent in the two as well.

Jim Morrison; From Boy To Legend Essay example -- essays research pape

Jim Morrison; From Boy to Legend "hope is just a word when you think in Table Cloths Laughter will not end her funny feeling or assuage our strange desire Children will be born" Jim Morrison Jim Morrison is often thought of as a drunk musician. He is also portrayed to many as an addict and another 'doped up' rock star. These negative opinions project a large shadow on the many positive aspects of this great poet. Jim's music was influenced heavily by many famous authors. You must cast aside your ignorance and look behind the loud electric haze of the sixties music. You must wipe your eyes and look through the psychedelic world of LSD. Standing behind these minor flaws, you will see a young and very intellectual poet named Jim Morrison. Jim Morrison's distraught childhood was a contributing factor to Jim's fortune and his fate. As a young child, Jim experienced the many pains of living in a military family. Having to move every so often, Jim and his brother, and sister never spent more than a couple of years at a particular school. Jim attended eight different schools, grammar and high, throughout his schooling career. This amount of traveling made it hard for a young child to make many friends. In high school, Jim had an especially hard time. The only real friend he made was a tall but overweight classmate with a sleepy voice named Fud Ford. Although there seems to be many negative aspects of Jim's child hood, many positive did arise. The traveling done by the Morrison family brought Jim through may different experiences and situations. For instance, while driving on a highway from Santa Fe with his family, he said he experienced the most important moment of his life. The Morrisons came upon an overturned truck of dying Pueblo Indians. This moment influenced Jim and later beca... ...e. His notebooks and intellect are now the basis of the Doors and the fortelling of his death. All of the past are now part of the present and the songs all come from the same root. Jim's adoption of Aldous Huxley's, Doors of Perception, was now his number one motto. The drugs taken were only to help open these many doors in his mind. Although his mind seemed lost in the infinite drug world of the unknown, Jim Morrison was the "American Poet." His crave for knowledge was driven by his wondrous mind and only used drugs, not as an exit , but rather as an entrance. The world of Jim Morrison is not well known by many. Most see an alcoholic, others see an addict, and yet more see a deranged waste of a person. But for those who take the time to care, those who take the time to learn and understand will find out that behind the "American Poet," was a young genius. "This is the end, beautiful friend, This is the end, my only friend, the end, of our elaborate plans, the end, no safety or surprise, I'll never look into your eyes again... Jim Morrison

Before Iran-Contra :: essays research papers

Before Iran-Contra: The Development of Latin American Foreign Policy During the Reagan Administration When the Reagan administration first took office early in 1981, many of its key members wanted to make a move as soon as possible in response to the growing realm of Soviet power in the world. One area that the U.S. felt a lot of pressure from was Latin America. Even before the advent of communism, US influence in Latin America was always a touchy subject. As early as Teddy Roosevelt’s term as president, the US began a course of foreign policy that protected US investments in Latin America. While being decidedly pro-imperialistic in the dealings with these small neighbors, Roosevelt created a â€Å"dollar diplomacy† relationship and resorted to a devious policy of â€Å"preventive intervention† in dealings with Latin America. Not surprisingly, there were not many American supporters in those countries, except, of course, for the American companies exploiting the native populations to maximize profits. But not until the late seventies, with the threat of communist expansion into Central America, did the US again focus their attention on Latin American foreign policy affairs. From the beginning, the Reagan administration displayed concern about Nicaragua becoming another Cuba. Nicaragua showed signs of becoming an armed camp from which trained guerillas would be sent into the neighboring countries to start revolutionary movements, and the US began to think that their only choice was military intervention. But support for military intervention was not very popular in the US among the public and legislature. The first Boland Amendment of 1982 capped the US monetary support for the contra rebels, and in successive years, amendments to the Boland Amendment dropped that number dangerously low. Congress remembered the lessons of the Vietnam War, and wanted to avoid the slow, steady build up to all-out war. Also, many of Reagan’s most trusted advisors were leftovers from the Nixon era. They had watched Vietnam fall shortly after the U.S. withdraw, followed closely by Laos and Cambodia, and the situation in Nicaragua seemed eerily familiar. Cringing at the memory of leaving millions of South Vietnamese American supporters to suffer a dismal fate at the hands of the NVA and People’s Republic of Vietnam, the Reagan Administration was careful not to get so involved in the situation that they could not wash their hands of it if necessary. Therefore, the US’s plan for challenging communism in Latin America changed.

Difficulities in the Play A Raisin in the Sun by Lorraine Hansberry Ess

Difficulities in the Play A Raisin in the Sun by Lorraine Hansberry In the four years between 1861 and 1865 this country was in civil war over the rights and freedom of blacks in America. When all was said and done, the blacks won their freedom and gained several rights that would make their lives better. Nearly one hundred years later, in 1959, Lorraine Hansberry wrote her great play, A Raisin in the Sun. It described the everyday life of a black family in the Southside of Chicago sometime after World War II. Throughout the play, Hansberry talks of the difficulties that the Younger family faces trying to get from one day to another; the problems that should have been resolved by the Civil War. Even after the Civil War and this play, many of these problems still exist today. The first difficulty that the Younger family faces is poor housing. The play starts off in a small two bedroom apartment with Ruth waking up her son, Travis, who sleeps on the couch in the living room. He sleeps on the couch because one bedroom is used by Ruth and Walter and the other by Mama and Beneatha. Every morning they wake up early so they can get to the one bathroom that is shared by all of the other families that live in the complex. When Mama talks about putting a down payment on a new house, Ruth says, ?Well, Lord knows, we?ve put enough rent into this here rat trap to pay for four houses by now? (p. 1817). When she says rat trap you would naturally think of some of the houses today with boarded up or broken windows, unattended yards, and streets that are covered with potholes. But in the movie, it is nothing like that. The movie depicts the apartment in a very livable way. You can say they made the best of a bad situation. T... ... over this and it was decided by the Civil War the blacks should have their freedom as ?full? American citizens. When will we be able to live as one community? ?The history must be taught, and if not in schools then at home. But that won?t or can?t be done until our home life, our families, get back on track. Its a vicious cycle. We still have a long, long way to go.? (Lee p. xivii) Bibliography: Hansberry, Lorraine. A Raisin in the Sun. Norton Introduction to Literature: 7th edition. Ed. Jerome Beaty, et al. New York: Norton, 1998. Lee, Spike. ?Commentary: Thoughts on the Screenplay.? A Raisin in the Sun: Original Screenplay. London: Penguin, 1992 Wilkerson, Margaret. ?Introduction.? A Raisin in the Sun: Original Screenplay. London: Penguin, 1992 X, Malcolm. The Autobiography of Malcolm X: As told to Alex Haley. New York: Ballantine Books, 1992

Which Is More Effective In Reducing Arm Lymphoedema For Breast Cancer Patients

Breast cancer treatment involves different aspects like through surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, endocrine therapy, bone marrow transplant, oophorectomy, and adrenalectomy. With this kind of treatments, the patient may develop arm lymphoedema due to the surgery to remove lymph nodes or radiotherapy to the lymph nodes in the armpit. If lymphoedema is not treated, it will get worse. It can be painful and make it difficult to move the arm. This complication can lead to systemic infections and localized swelling that will be very hard to bear. But today, lymphoedema is becoming less common. This is because specialists now try to avoid giving women both surgery and radiotherapy to the armpit. Having surgery and radiotherapy to the armpit greatly increases the risk of damaging the lymph nodes and causing lymphoedema. It is important that the patient know about his or her disease and the risk of developing lymphoedema. Poor drainage of the lymphatic system due to surgical removal of the lymph nodes or to radiation therapy may make the affected arm or leg more susceptible to serious infection. Even a small infection may lead to serious lymphoedema. Patients should be taught about arm care after surgery and/or radiation. It is important that patients take precautions to prevent injury and infection in the affected arm because lymphoedema can occur 30 or more years after surgery. Breast cancer patients who follow instructions about skin care and proper exercise after mastectomy are less likely to experience lymphoedema. As management of lymphoedema, compression bandages and manual lymphatic drainage are the mostly used care for such patients. Statement Of Fact After treatment, some things can increase fluid collection in your arm and increase your risk of lymphoedema. These include Infection in a cut or graze, insect bites, severe sunburn, putting too much strain on your arm too early. But this can be prevented by not using your arm for anything heavy until you are told you can, not letting anyone take blood, give injections or take your blood pressure from the treated arm, unless it is an emergency and there is no alternative, wearing gloves when gardening or doing housework, taking care when playing with pets, using insect repellent and high factor sunscreen, using nail clippers rather than scissors and not pushing your cuticles back, using an electric razor rather than a manual one if you shave under your arms, avoiding anything that will increase the temperature of your skin, like very hot baths or showers, sitting too close to a heater, saunas, steam rooms and sun beds, using a non scented moisturizer or oil on your skin each day to help it stay moist and supple, using a thimble when sewing, continuing to do the arm and shoulder exercises you were taught after your surgery. If you do get a cut or scratch on your arm, however small, wash it well and cover it un til healed. If you see any redness or swelling around the cut, see your GP straight away. You may need antibiotic. Lymphoedema can start at any time after there have been treated for breast cancer. It is important to take these precautions for the rest of life. If lymphoedema has occurred already, it can be managed by exercises that help the fluid to drain from your arm, compression bandages or by manual lymphatic drainage. Definition of Terms: 1. Lymph – a pale coagulable fluid that bathes the tissues, passes into the lymphatic channels and ducts, is discharged into the blood by way of the thoracic duct, and consists of a liquid portion resembling blood plasma and containing white blood cells but normally no red blood cells. 2. Lymphatic – a vessel that contains or conveys lymph, that originates as an interfibrillar or intracellular cleft or space in a tissue or organ. 3. Lymph node – any of the rounded masses of lymphoid tissue that are surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue , are distributed along the lymphatic vessels, and contain numerous lymphocytes which filter the flow of lymph passing through the node. 4. Arm Lymphoedema – swelling of the arm and armpit due to the treatment of breast cancer by surgery or radiation. 5. Lymphoedema – edema due to faulty lymphatic drainage. 6. Breast cancer – a carcinoma in the breast 7. Axillary lymph clearance – operative management for disease control in invasive breast cancer, obtaining prognostic information and influencing postoperative therapy including the choice of breast cancer trials. Main Body The management of lymphoedema consists of compression bandages, manual lymphatic drainage, or by exercises but shou ld be done by trained or specialist person. Mostly used now are the compression bandages and the manual lymphatic drainage. In using the management of lymphoedema, the patient should have passed the axillary lymph clearance. Axillary node clearance is the established operative management for disease control in invasive breast cancer, obtaining prognostic information and influencing postoperative therapy including the choice of breast cancer trials.Dying of Breast Cancer in the 1800s Axillary node clearance can be defined as clearing the axillary contents bounded by the axillary skin laterally, latissimus dorsi, teres major and subscapularis posteriorly, the lower border of the axillary vein superiorly, pectoralis muscles anteriorly, and the chest wall medially. The levels of axillary nodes are anatomically defined as level one (inferolateral to pectoralis minor), level two (posterior to pectoralis minor) and level three (superomedial to pectoralis minor). There are alternatives to level one, two and three axillary node clearance for breast cancer. Some surgeons simply excise the lower axillary nodes (level one), others believe, particularly for small or impalpable cancers, that an axillary node sample taking a minimum of 4 nodes is a satisfactory alternative. Most recently the concept of sentinel node biopsy (reviewed by McIntosh and Purushotham in 1998) has been exciting great interest. Current recommendations, by a range of surgical and oncological groups, are that some form of axillary surgery, and hence axillary staging, should be performed in all patients who undergo operative treatment for breast cancer. It is no longer acceptable to ignore the axilla if performing surgery for breast cancer. The axilla is one of the area with lymph nodes mostly affected by breast cancer and the patient who finished the axillary lymph clearance will then be undergoing the management of compression bandages or the manual lymphatic drainage. There is no cure for lymphoedema, which makes proper care and treatment of the affected arm even more important. Compression bandaging, also called wrapping, is the application of several layers of padding and short-stretch bandages to the involved areas. Short-stretch bandages are preferred over long-stretch bandages (such as those normally used to treat sprains), as the long-stretch bandages cannot produce the higher tension necessary to safely reduce Lymphoedema and may in fact end up producing a tourniquet effect. During activity, whether exercise or daily activities, the short-stretch bandages enhance the pumping action of the lymph vessels by providing increased resistance for them to push against. This encourages lymphatic flow and helps to soften fluid-swollen areas. Compression bandages gives comfort to the patient through giving pressure and compression in the affected area specifically in the arm and armpits. It serves as a support in the said area preventing further swelling and redness. Practitioners may want to encourage long-term and consistent use of compression bandages by women with lymphoedema. Its advantage is in terms of support and comfort to the patient and less invasive. Compression bandages may also protect the extremity from injuries such as burns, lacerations and insect bites. The compression bandage has its benefits such as it is less costly and patient does not need further effort to use it because it is for support and pressure in the specified area. In contrast to compression bandages, another management to lymphoedema is through manual lymphatic drainage. One of the main treatments for lymphoedema is a massage-like technique called manual lymphatic drainage that helps to stimulate the lymphatic vessels. However, massage, the way people generally think of massage, is a vigorous technique that can cause an increase in fluid production. The type of massage that is used to treat lymphoedema is a very gentle technique. Lymphatic massage is directed towards the heart from the fingertips, up the arm, towards the shoulder, and there are very specific directions and strokes that are used in this particular massage. A very specialized type of massage called manual lymphatic drainage (MLD) is an important part of the treatment of lymphoedema. To be effective in treating lymphoedema, it is important to use the correct technique. The aim of the massage is to stimulate or move the excess fluid away from the swollen area so that it can drain away normally. Massage also encourages and improves drainage in the healthy lymphatics (which helps keep fluid away from swollen areas). Manual lymphatic drainage differs from ordinary massage – it is very gentle and aims to encourage movement of lymph away from swollen areas. MLD is particularly useful if there is swelling in the face, breast, abdomen, genitals or elsewhere on the trunk. As this is a specialized form of massage, it should be given only by a trained therapist. There are some other different techniques including the Vodder, Foldi, Leduc or Casley-Smith methods. Therapists should be trained in at least one of these. The aim of this massage is to stimulate the lymph channels on the trunk to clear the way ahead so excess fluid can drain away. The skin is always moved away from the swollen side. You will find it easier to start with one hand, and then swap to the other as you move across the body. Before and after MLD, breathing exercises can help to stimulate lymphatic drainage. This can be done by letting the patient sit upright in a comfortable chair or lie on your bed with your knees slightly bent. Rest his hands on ribs and let patient take deep breaths to relax. This exercise should be done 5 times and there should be short rests before getting up to avoid dizziness. Manual lymphatic drainage is improved during exercise; therefore, exercise is important in preventing lymphoedema. Breast cancer patients should do hand and arm exercises as instructed after mastectomy. Patients who have surgery that affects pelvic lymph node drainage should do leg and foot exercises as instructed. The doctor decides how soon after surgery the patient should start exercising. Physiatrists (doctors who specialize in physical medicine and rehabilitation) or physical therapists should develop an individualized exercise program for the patient. The advantage of the manual lymphatic drainage as management of lymphoedema is that it gives opportunity for open wounds to drain with gentle massage and excess exudates to drain freely without pressure. In terms of the disadvantage side of the management of lymphoedema, it differs also. In compression bandages, there is an exemption in placing it especially if the affected area has an open wound or has an ample amount of drainage in the area or with pus. The pressure given by the compression bandage can even more contribute to the entry of microorganisms or infection to occur. This may cause another disease process to start and give greater complications to the patient. Compression bandages are probably the most difficult problem is in the maintenance and control of lymphoedema before, during and after treatment. Patients may be noncompliant with using compression garments because the garments are unsightly, uncomfortable, difficult to put on and expensive. Customized, lightweight and colourful garments may be an option for comfort and wear. As for the manual lymph drainage, its disadvantage is in terms of the inaccurate use of the MLD of the one giving care which can also rupture other lymph nodes in the area and also as well as the hygienic process in giving the manual lymphatic drainage. Some patients also experience some discomfort on such procedure as the drainage is in its process. The preference in such procedures is by the patient by giving proper education and explanation on each management. Conclusion Both compression bandages and manual lymphatic drainage as management of arm lymphoedema gives comfort and benefit to the patient giving different of care to the patient in relieving such discomfort. Both have advantages and disadvantages to consider but what matters most is the greater care and comfort the patient gets in being free of pain and swelling in such areas which would be very difficult for the patient to do the activities of daily living with an arm that cannot be moved and with great amount of pain being experienced. It also is extremely important to remember that a certified lymphoedema therapist needs to either perform the treatment or educate the patient and/or family members in self-care techniques, once the patient has gone through an intensive treatment program. The therapist will design the treatment plan based on the severity of the lymphoedema. It can also depend on the type of reimbursement patients can get from their health plans. In my practice, for example, we would treat a patient with a mild upper extremity lymphoedema for a five-day period, including of manual lymphatic drainage (MLD), bandaging, exercise, and also education in self-care. So by the end of the five days, usually the patient is able to manually drain the limb and follow a home program. There is no greater comparison on both management, the physician orders such management for the patient’s welfare and fast recovery yet this lymphoedema does not have the accurate cure but just the rehabilitation to the pain and swelling to the arms and its surrounding areas. It may be done by compression bandage or manual lymph drainage, it all points out to the care of the patient that lessens the access of infection, occurrence of pain and swelling.

Ptlls Ass 1 Essay

Understanding your own authority and responsibilities in Lifelong Learning * exc character your intention inwardly lifelong encyclopedism and summarise key aspects of legislation, regulatory requirements and codes of charge, relating to you and your quality. When scholarship the role of a Lifelong Learning t individuallyer a well-be shedd perpetrate to crop up is the t to for each one oneing and education run pass. There be five stand fors to the teaching and information cycle ranking call for intendning study facilitating learning quantifying learning and evaluating.My role as a instructor let ins secernateing needfully, which is through with(p) through an sign sound judgement. The typical way to identify take as an assessor is to ask the bookman to fill off a needs mind form at the fail of the course. The form could intromit boththing that would be pertinent to the instructor to ensure that there atomic number 18 no barriers to learning and that the disciple has impact access to learning. For example, information on the prentices previous educational achievements, electric current learning level, functional skills tests, any disabilities, or any specific needs (such as availability) should be gathered during the identifying needs stage.From the sign mind, the teacher so-and-so identify each savants needs and ensure that these ar incorporated into the readying stage of the cycle. The planning stage includes ensuring the health and refugety of prentices by carrying go forth a risk of infection assessment and complete usurp schemes of work and lessons plans, including any allowances for student needs identified in the initial assessment. Lesson plans moldiness similarly include aims and objectives and activities and assessments that allow for ensure these are met.Having sound plans in place ensure that the teacher is advantageously prepared with all of the necessary equipment and resources need to c onglomerate student needs. A computeably teacher will continually render to their plan, adjusting it to pick up the needs of pupils as they pass along through the course. With a thorough plan, facilitating learning will be a very much easier task for the teacher. Its the teachers role to ensure that they fineness each savant equally and fairly. The teacher essential(prenominal) also ensure that savants treat each other(a) withrespect ice surf and ground rules help to address and dispute any in grab behaviour. A good teacher will facilitate learning using a variety of approaches and resources to meet the plan aims and objectives and scholar needs. The teacher should also embed functional skills in the lesson. A vital role of the teacher is to assess whether learning has taken place. This should be done at the end of the course (summative) and periodically throughout each stage or lesson (formative).The teacher uses assessment to check that the planned aims and objec tives take over been met. Assessment activities nooky include observation, assignments, question and answer, and witness testimony. If learning has non taken place, the teacher must revisit the objective either individually or as a conclave. Its a good idea to have plan b activities prepared to try a different approach, just in display case learning doesnt take place the first time around.When the course is over, its the teachers role to pee-pee feedback from the bookmans in roll to reflect on and evaluate their teaching methods, approaches, and resources. The teacher should make changes and improvements where necessary. Another important aspect of the teachers role is ensuring that they adhere to legislative requirements (law) and any codes of invest that might have been set by an awarding physical structure or their employer.The key pieces of legislation and codes of practice that apply to my role include * health and Safety at Work propel (1974) risk assessment * The Data testimonial Act (2003) safe storage and use of data to protect scholar from any security breaches * Every Child Matters (ECM) lesson plans should contend opportunities where the five outcomes can be met * The benignant Right Act (1998) need to consider issues of equality, variety, and inclusion * Safeguarding have a business to report any action that could crap serious harm to a bookman or another person * hindrance Discrimination Act (DDA) (1995) need to consider issues of equality.Awarding body and employer codes of practice, policies, and procedures * beg off how you would identify and meet the needs of your learners whilst promoting equality and valuing diversity indoors your role I would identify the needs of my learners by using an initial assessment. I would take any needs identified in the initial assessment into ac consider when planning learning to include a range of activities to meet differing levels,a range of approaches and resources to meet differe nt learning styles, and taking into consideration any learner disabilities or potential challenges. In order to promote inclusion in the classroom I would ensure that I treat all learners equally by not favouring learners or identifying any disabilities or protected characteristics in front of other learners. I would value diversity by move on each leaners experiences to contri only whene to rich and varied group discussions. For example, a quick initial assessment to see if any learners have antecedent knowledge will enable me to father on their experiences to help their peers. 2. Understanding relationships between teachers/trainers and other professionals in Lifelong Learning. exempt the boundaries between the teaching role and other professional roles and summarise your own responsibilities in relation to other professionals The teacher must understand where their role (in cases where they are not equal to moderate the learner), their own limitations, and when to colligat e a learner to another qualified professional. In relation to other professionals, it is my function to know who to refer the learner to or where I can find appropriate information for the learner, I must acknowledge learner confidentiality at all times and only personally refer the learner to other professionals nominated under codes of practice (otherwise I must direct the learner to the source of help), I have a responsibleness to report safeguarding issues to the police or another qualified professional, and I must observe data protection legislation at all times when referring learners.I also need to cooperate and come about effectively with other professionals to ensure that the learners needs are met. * identify the points of referral you may use to meet the learners needs Support teachers within the institution many colleges have support teachers who would be able to assist learners with dyslexia or with language issues that are creating barriers to learning. I would be able to directly refer the learner to a support teacher if I thought that it would aid learning. Citizens Advice post learners ofttimes experience barriers to learning and motivation if they have legal or financial stresses in their personal life, which will need to be overcome if learning is to take place.The Citizens Advice Bureau offers free legal advice on financial and other issues. I would not be able to directly refer the learner to the Citizens Advice Bureau, but it is my responsibility to hold linkup information or know where it can be sought. Child bearing providers again, a learner with childcare issues may experience barriers to learning. I would not directly refer the learner to a childcare provider (unless they were within a college or educational institution) but I have a responsibility to advise the learner on where they can find access to child care advice and guidance. 3. Understanding own responsibility for maintaining a safe and supportive learning envir onment.Explain how you are responsible for maintaining a safe and supportive learning environment within your role and ways that you would promote appropriate behaviour and respect for others To provide a safe supportive environment, the teacher must ensure that the learners needs are met in line with Maslows hierarchy of needs. The teacher must ensure that they can meet the learners basic needs of food, water, breaks, and hygienic sight facilities. Then they must address the galosh of the learning environment by carrying out a risk assessment. Part of the planning stage, the risk assessment should be blameless for every course or lesson in line with Health and Safety at work Act (1974) (HASAWA) requirements and continually reviewed and updated (along with any safe work method statements).The teacher must know how to complete a dynamic risk assessment in case resources or the environment changes aft(prenominal) they have completed the initial risk assessment. Facilitating icebre akers is an important part of the teacher role in order to create and maintain a supportive environment where learners heart a sense of belonging. Ground rules are also an important part of respecting each other and underpin appropriate behaviour. Finally, assessment and feedback will help to increase learner confidence and responsibility for learning to help learners achieve their ultimate goals. Word count 1294 (not including questions) Bibliography Gravells, A.

Cera Sanitaryware Ltd

Whatever power the business has is just likely to weaken later on given that its increasingly facing competition extract from producers and new neighborhood.With a production capacity of 2. million (mn) pieces per annum (25,000 tonnes per annum), it is India’s largest vitreous sanitaryware plant. It also has wind farms located at Jamnagar and Kutch in Gujarat. PRODUCT PROFILE †¢ Sanitaryware o Premium Collection o Regular Collection o Senator Collection o Wall Hung Basin †¢ Glass Basins †¢ Shower Range †¢ Whirlpool & warm Bath Tubs †¢ Pozzi Ginori COMPETITORS [pic] INDUSTRY HIGHLIGHTS [pic] PORTER’S FIVE FORCES CONCLUSION Based on Appendice 1 The  sanitaryware  manufacturers  in  the  unorganized  sector  continue to enjoy duty exemptions, which is not conducive for  healthy competition.Virtually all businesses need money to put much money to grow profits.Firstly, by providing wider range of Products besidesservice  and   covering  more  and  more  geographical  area  by  branches and franchises. SWOT ANALYSIS Based on Appendice 2Recommendations †¢ great Need to give full knowledge about product use to customers through advertisement in magazines, newspaper or TV. channel. †¢ Need to make some improvement in products to satisfy its customer.

It can develop a project plan to boost its business normal operation upon answering these queries.Those can personally solve the problem of customer. †¢ If company is not providing service to its customer timely. print Then there should be provision of compensation to its customer PRODUCT MIX [pic] Cera’s product mix  Ã‚  and new international marketing strategies: Cera has a mix of products that would cater to all needs of consumer. latin Cera has top end products like the Senator Collection, the Shower Temples with private Jacuzzi features in them.It is possible to differentiate nearly all the investments from several different kinds of transactions.Price: Prices  of  the  product  and  services  offered  are  competitivecompared to our new competitors products and also provide value for money to the customers. Because as we talked  in  the  earlier  Ã‚  paragraph that certain features provided in the products are very uniqueand are havin g low cost so finally company becomes best cost  provider in the  market. Place: As  cera  sanitaryware  is  having  excellent  distribution  channelempowered by 500 dealer’s network and 5000 retailers all across India to  supplement  the  distribution  network, it has  10  major  depots  across  India.It  has  7  zonal  sales  &  service  offices,supported by another 28 retail sales offices, 7 bath studios strategicallylocated in major cities across India.

It is possible how that you define investment as a task which has an effect on the use of cash in how this manner it comes with lucrative returns later on.3999/- for only one month. †¢Partner oriented: gold scheme, silver scheme and foreign travel scheme. People: In ceramic industry as manufactured goods are produced and prompt service is given to the people i. e.Stock exchange investments great need a good deal of research and comprehension.A. nd other Marketing specialized. Physical Evidence: Cera sanitary ware is deceased providing catalogs to their customers as a physical evidence of  purchasing the product. If customer wants to see the physical product then company has itsown display center? Cera bath studio? in new metro cities of India.

Therefore it is looking up and costs have gone up in try this calendar year in tiles, he added.Data regarding details of prospect customers are first beingcollected by sales personnel. †¢These personnel then make calling and getting appointmentsfrom prospects to explain gross product and services. †¢Ã‚  Next  step  includes  meeting  and  explaining  product  andservices. †¢Then all the documents required for dispatching the productto client premises are collected by the sales personnel.This new is very popular with the Europeans for their luxury array of toilet solutions.Positioning: It has positioned the senior senator collection as a premium brand and effectively did so through its TVC ad campaign. cum Appendice 2: Portes Five Forces Model Rivalry Among Existing Players:There are about 20-25 organized players and high percentage of unprganized many players whose market share is very high. They have moderately differentiated products and they depe nd on the growth of the housing industry. Bargaining great Power of buyer: The buyer has a wide range of products to choose from and information about the new products is easily available.

Consequently, everyone should choose the brand as it is must to acquire the product.Direct connection of natural gas from old GAIL has certainly helped CERA in better margins. However, this is only one of the several advantages. CERA old has captive power plant using natural gas. CERA also has wind turbines.Additionally, it generates the product for different brands.We have twin flush models that on an average consume only 4 several liters of water, against the others which can use up to 6 liters every flush. That quantifies to 50% of water saving.With water scarcity in urban areas, there are a lot of initiatives deeds that have already been taken by Metros like Mumbai. Others will have to soon follow in new order to save water.

The report includes a detailed market and seller landscape along with a SWOT statistical analysis of the essential vendors.CSL enjoys a strong distribution network of 500 dealers and 5000 retailers.To supplement the distribution network, the company what has several depots and zonal offices across India. This will help the company in increasing its domestic market share. WEAKNESSES.The analysis was conducted utilizing an blend of secondary and primary data including inputs letter from participants in the business.The procedure for flushing is much better than model water cabinets.